Enron What Caused the Ethical Collapse - 882 Words

Kenneth Lay, former chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Enron Corp., claimed to be a moral and ethical leader and exhorted Enron’s officers and employees to be highly ethical in their decisions and actions. In addition, the Enron Code of Ethics specified that â€Å"An employee shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indirectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Company.† Enron’s ethics code was based on the values of respect, integrity, communication, and excellence. Given this code of conduct and Ken Lay’s professed commitment to business ethics,†¦show more content†¦A grand jury indicted Lay on July 7, 2004 on 11 counts of securities fraud and related charges. He was found guilty of 10 counts against him on May 25, 2006. A judge dismissed the last count since each count carried a 5 to 10 year maximum prison sentence. Had he not died of a heart attack on July 5, 2006, he could have served between 20 to 30 years in prison. Skilling is still serving a 24-plus year prison sentence, after he was convicted on 19 counts-- â€Å"one count of conspiracy to commit securities fraud and wire fraud, 12 counts of securities fraud, five counts of making false statements to accountants, and one count of insider trading.† Recently, it was questionable whether or not he would be temporarily released after his son’s suicide attempt. Fastow was sentenced on conspiracy to commit securities fraud and sentenced from 10 to 6 years after he testified against Ken Lay, Jeff Skilling, and others. His release date is scheduled on December 2011. Enron, the company’s, aftermath also stands witness to the corruption of its officers, â€Å"Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. is a shell of the former Enron Corp. (once the worlds #1 energy trader) and is shelling out the remaining assets of the bankrupt Enron to creditors. Once the largest buyer and seller of natural gas and electricity in the US, Enron also traded numerous other commodities.Show MoreRelatedThe Fall Of Major Telecommunications Company Onetel And Enron1319 Words   |  6 Pages OneTel and Enron were huge technology companies, dominating the competition that they faced although - everything changed. Both of these companies operated in the same era, coincedently both suffering financial collapse. The reasons were mainly because of failure to follow major accounting principles, lacking morals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by following aRead MoreEnrons Business Ethics Failure1485 Words   |  6 PagesContent 1. Overview ............................................................................................3 2. The Fall of Enron ...............................................................................4 3. Enrons ethical dilemmas ..................................................................6 4. Conslucions .......................................................................................7 5. Bibliography .....................................................Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Case1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enron case is a very popular case to show how the profession of accounting is vital to make the corporate world of business flow reliably. Enron was recognized as one of the world’s major electricity, natural gas, communications and pulp and paper’s company. However Enron was found to record assets and profits at inflated, fraudulent and non-existent amounts. Debts and losses were found to be excluded from financial statements along with other major transactions between Enron and other companiesRead MoreFinancial Collapse : The And Enron1320 Words   |  6 PagesOneTel and Enron were huge technology companies, dominating the competition that they faced although - everything changed. Both of these companies operated in the same era, coincedently both suffering financial collapse. The reasons were mainly because of the failure to follow major accounting principles, lacking morals and lacking strong work ethics. If even a major corporation can fall into this â€Å"trap†, then avoiding doesn’t sound easy, although accountants can easily avoid scandals by followingRead MoreThe Organization Behaviors Of Enron Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Organization Behaviors of Enron Introduction Enron is considered America’s largest corporate failure in history and is a story about greed, fraud, and human tragedy. In 1986, Houston National Gas and Internorth, a natural gas pipeline company, merged to create Enron with Ken Lay as the chair and chief executive officer (CEO). Lay transformed the company into a high tech global operation that traded water, energy, broadband, and electricity. In less than a year, problems arose of fraud andRead MoreEnron : A Model Of The Innovative Company1684 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Enron began in July 1985, and its headquarters were in Houston. It started from a small regional energy supplier. However, Enron was dissatisfied with the traditional way of doing business, so it began to look toward energy security. Enron s management believed that the creation of derivative securities market for any commodity was possible, so Enron developed energy commodity futures, options, and other financial derivatives. Energy deregulation brought this company great commercial opportunitiesRead MoreEnron Stakeholders1700 Words   |  7 PagesBA 215 Spring 2007 Enron Stakeholder Assignment Enron was a dream come true for a lot of people, but it was also a nightmare waiting to happen for many more. I am going to examine the collapse of Enron from the management perspective. The three examples of Enron behaving badly that I am going to study are the incidents in Valhalla, the electricity trading in California and the conflict of interest between Andy Fastow and his special purpose entities (SPE). These are just a few cases that ledRead MoreThe Ethical Dimension Of The Demise Of Enron Corporation1474 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the ethical dimension of the demise of Enron Corporation an reflection of author, placed in hypothetical situations. Accounting Fraud and Management philosophy will be the main discussion topics, along with the motivations of fraud. The fall of Enron can be directly attributed to a violation of ethical standards in business. This makes Enron unique in corporate history for the same actions that made Enron on of the fastest growing and most profitable corporations, at the turnRead MoreEnron Stakeholders Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Stakeholder Assignment Enron was a dream come true for a lot of people, but it was also a nightmare waiting to happen for many more. I am going to examine the collapse of Enron from the management perspective. The three examples of Enron behaving badly that I am going to study are the incidents in Valhalla, the electricity trading in California and the conflict of interest between Andy Fastow and his special purpose entities (SPE). These are just a few cases that led to the failure ofRead MoreEssay on Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse784 Words   |  4 PagesEnron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse In the case of Enron, it comes down to pure greed and a lack of accountability. From the top, there was illegal activity with Ken Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andrew Fastow who raided the company as though it was their own personal bank. On top of that, the culture of the rest of the company was to make as much money as they could and employees were rewarded by the amount of profit they could make without questioning the ethical means to do so.

The Manipulation of Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Othello...

The Manipulation of Gender Roles in Shakespeare’s Othello Of Shakespeare’s great tragedies, the story of the rise and fall of the Moor of Venice arguably elicits the most intensely personal and emotional responses from its English-speaking audiences over the centuries. Treating the subject of personal human relationships, the tragedy which should have been a love story speaks to both reading and viewing audiences by exploring the archetypal dramatic values of love and betrayal. The final source of the tragic action in Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice has been attributed to various psychological, mythical, racial, social sources: Othello’s status as racial outsider in Venetian society, his pagan roots in†¦show more content†¦The most illusive character in all of Shakespeare’s drama, Iago is perhaps the most difficult to explore psychologically for the simple reason that he lacks a personal self. He dons and sheds gender like a closet of clothes, adorning each article as it suits hi m. Ultimately evolved from the Vice figure of the medieval English morality plays, as Bernard Spivack has convincingly argued, Iago is the Shakespeare’s dramatic and humanistic manifestation of the abstracted evil which governed the dramatic movement of the previous generations of English plays. The self he presents to the world is bound only by circumstance and not by constitution. One key to Iago’s power is his â€Å"improvisational ability† (Gutierrez 12). Like the mythical Satan as Prince of Lies, he makes up his fabulous stories as he goes along, playing off of others’ actions and reactions to his ever-spinning web of lies. Iago switches between the facades of emotion easily and fluidly. He admits and affirms his hatred of Othello in the opening lines of the play (I.i.1-9) [All citations are from the Bantam edition.] and reveals his intentions of betraying Othello at his earliest convenience (I.i.44). In the very next scene, not more than 150 lines l ater, we find Iago in his role as sycophant openly fawning before theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Impact of Gender on Shakespeares Othello 1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Gender on Shakespeare’s Othello In the book â€Å"Gender Trouble† (1990), feminist theorist Judith Butler explains â€Å"gender is not only a social construct, but also a kind of performance such as a show we put on, a costume or disguise we wear† (Butler). In other words, gender is a performance, an act, and costumes, not the main aspect of essential identity. By understanding this theory of gender as an act, performance, we can see how gender has greatly impacted the outcome of the play inRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of power is explored in various ways throughout ‘Othello’, Shakespeare uses the vulnerability of characters’ flaws to allow power shifts to occur through manipulation. The Elizabethan value consensus highlights the difference in gender roles, with societal expectations being defined by the divine order. The limitations of social mobility provide a strong platform for the theme of power to be embedded upon, with characters such as Desdemona and Emilia representing the struggle that womenRead MoreGender Stereotypes in Othello Essay2033 Words   |  9 Pagesregards to gender stereotypes. Shakespeare’s great play Othello uses its main characters to embody the characteristics of the stereotypical females and males according to society’s liking. 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Boys on the other hand, are given cars and action figures that can take rough-housingRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagestragedy of â€Å"Othello†, believed to have been written in approximately 1603. The work revolves around four central characters; Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army; his new wife, Desdemona; his lieutenant, Cassio; and his trusted ensign, Iago. Throughout the play of â€Å"Othello†, William Shakespeare diagnoses and portrays two ills within his own society, which are undeniably still present in society today. Shakespeare portrays the i ssues of prejudice against race and prejudice against gender. In thisRead MoreJessica Foy. Othello Essay. English Iii. 14 February 2017.907 Words   |  4 PagesJessica Foy Othello Essay English III 14 February 2017 Emilia Essay Character development is seen in almost every character in the play Othello. 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Vehicle On Board Electronic System Suffer Interference Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(85) " radiated power and reciprocally relative to distance between matching constituents\." As modern engineering is more forward, the demand from clients and vehicle makers to put in Numberss of electrical and electronic systems into cars has dramatically increased. The lifting demand lead to onboard sophisticated electronic control systems in cars to heighten driver comfort and vehicle safety. These systems include Control Area Networks ( CAN ) , Engine Management Systems ( EMS ) , Anti-Lock Braking Systems ( ABS ) , safety systems, communications, Mobile, wireless headsets, amusement systems, assortment of DC motors and accountants. We will write a custom essay sample on Vehicle On Board Electronic System Suffer Interference Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The physical size of most vehicle instruments used are reduced dramatically due to demanding light weight cars for better public presentation. As system goes smaller it becomes more complex with package embedded on electronics. As more systems present big figure of wires need to be installed to link them, therefore increasing the cost of fabricating. To cut down cost and weight all modern vehicles makers are be aftering to travel radio or usage CAN coach multiplex wiring system. Puting big figure of electronic and electrical system on vehicle in little confined infinite is still a job with Electromagnetic Interference ( EMI ) of these systems from interfering with each other doing cross talk ( radiated and conducted emanations ) . If these systems are non controlled decently they may neglect or do terrible jobs, because as an unfortunate all electronics suffer any kind of intervention. Embedded microcontrollers are used in assortment of vehicle systems such as EMS. The two major EMI menaces interior decorators presently concentrating are susceptibleness ( victim of EMI ) and unsusceptibility ( beginning of EMI ) . This appraisal is focused on EMC issues in vehicle electronics chiefly on car engine direction system. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vehicle-lab.net/Pics/ecu.jpg Fig.1 Developing engineering in modern car industry, computing machines got involved with cars and their engines. Modern engine ‘s operation is now controlled by computing machines ECU ( Engine Control Unit ) which are besides called as EMS ( Engine direction System ) . The EMS controls the maps of the engine and allows a proper direction of the engine ‘s operations utilizing a assortment of detectors. Modern Engine Control Units were introduced due to the technological promotion to implant microprocessors ( CPU ) that were fast adequate to supply a real-time operation. Further promotion of vehicle electronics made EMC a major issue. Engine direction Systems are largely affected by several factors including rough environments. The automotive environment contains several menaces including power transients, wireless frequence intervention ( external and onboard wireless senders and receiving systems ) electrostatic discharge and power line electric and magnetic Fieldss. Fortunately these jobs can be overcome through good EMI design techniques. Due to EMI most modern engines which are controlled by EMS started responding adversely. Some issues were vehicles experienced drawn-out acceleration without drivers purpose, engines cut off or cruise control accelerates the auto beyond drivers control. EMC Issues Associated with EMS: As engineering is rapidly progressing, car makers are seeking to do more safe autos and practically modern vehicles are safer than earlier but still EMI jobs can do some terrible accidents. As autos can travel anyplace interference caused to its onboard electronics is sometimes unpredictable. The few jobs of EMI are electrostatic discharge from worlds, power line Fieldss ( transformers ) , radio frequence unsusceptibility, wayside broadcast, cellular telephone, airfield radio detection and ranging systems, autos ain systems ( chief cause of power transient ) and many more. There is besides major job of EMI which can do to vehicles such as, after an accident vehicle is repaired, when proprietors modify them by adding extra amusement systems onboard or by external organic structure alterations. If these alterations are done by utilizing devices or systems which are non of EMC criterions this can do extra jobs of EMI by get the better ofing the intervention control steps placed by origi nal vehicle maker. The chief mechanisms that produce EMI are: – Conductive Emissions: It is generated by exchanging of solenoids in gear box, relays and by commuting of electric motors. These are transient in nature. The emanations are conducted along the wiring harness and spread into the power supply terminuss of onboard electronic systems. These transients get coupled inductively or capacitively into signal leads of assorted systems. Conductive Susceptibility: These high electromotive force transients get superimposed into vehicle power supply of 12v or 24v and can significantly harm the electronic systems of the vehicle. Radiated Emissions: Radiated emanations arise from two beginnings in the vehicle. Conducted transients which are generated by electrical systems which starts breathing radiation since the wiring harness acts as an forward pass. Emissions from electronic systems which involve high velocity logic such as microprocessor circuitry. Harmonicss generated from clock pulsations of 1MHZ or greater which extend over 100MHz. These are either radiated straight from the system ( microprocessor ) or from the wiring harness. Radiated emanations from ignition system besides interfere with other vehicles or with domestic receiving systems. Radiated Susceptibility: Since vehicle in an built-in mode is likely to be a good conducting organic structure as it is subjected to harsh electromagnetic environment onboard and nomadic transceivers. Highest rate of jobs at 20-200MHz set is due to wiring harness and vehicle organic structure itself. The fixed onboard senders around the vehicle produce great sum of power but comparatively less field strength, but nomadic senders are opposite by breathing less power with greater field strengths impacting more on host and next vehicle. Therefore illustrated by citing the undermentioned equation Tocopherol = ( v30PG ) /r v/m Here ‘E ‘ is the field strength in ( v/m ) produced by an aerial with radiated power as ‘P ‘ ( W ) and ‘r ‘ ( m ) is the distance between the beginning and victim. ‘G ‘ is antenna addition. See the instance were pretermiting antenna addition were on-board sender emits radiations on ECU. Assuming distance between the beginning and victim is 1m or less in instance between circuit constituents. The power dissipated is assumed as 10W. The field strength experienced by the vehicle is calculated as E = [ v ( 30*10 ) ] /1 = 17.32 v/m From the above equation its clearly seeable that the field strength is straight relative to radiated power and reciprocally relative to distance between matching constituents. You read "Vehicle On Board Electronic System Suffer Interference Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" If either distance is reduced and power radiated is more the field strength will be high. Methods to better system public presentation: If EMC issues have to be improved in modern electronics of car, jobs happening in the design procedure of such systems should be controlled and if it is non done in the design procedure it becomes hard and more expensive to manage it subsequently. Although it is impossible to command emanations such as RF intervention, electrostatic discharge, magnetic Fieldss and many other EMI from external beginnings. Merely proper shielding, filtrating and anchoring of such onboard systems could cut down the hazard of intervention on them. Few EMI decrease methods on circuit degree design of electronic systems: Try traveling most of the constituents to PCBA ( Printed Circuit Board Assembly ) and seek good screening techniques on them. Use less noisy constituents in circuit so that it least interfere with each other. Reducing matching between circuits by good physical separation for EMI. Minimizing the land cringle from the circuit back to the power supply and by cut downing the land electric resistance by proper anchoring theoretical account. Using ferrite merchandises as it acts as an absorber of EMI energy by breathing less sum of heat. Reducing capacitive and inductive yoke of microprocessor and other IC ‘s ( incorporate microcontrollers ) by cut downing the rise clip of pulsations as this procedure decreases the higher frequence constituents of the signal by cut downing harmonics. To command noise, the noisy leads should be twisted together as this method will diminish the country of cringle by diminishing magnetic yoke. If shielding could be done on these twisted leads a better solution for the job could be achieved. The leads which are go forthing the shielded country should be filtered every bit good. In autos human body is used as common land, if most of the overseas telegrams are placed near human body it will minimise inductive yoke of wires with other constituents. The length of overseas telegram used in vehicles should ever be kept every bit short as possible because a long overseas telegram will move as an efficient aerial. The leads which are non shielded should be kept every bit short as possible to avoid capacitive yoke. As screening helps to avoid intervention from come ining the constituents circuit, the conducted harmonics can non be to the full shielded. It can be merely eliminated utilizing a filter which will take harmonics without impacting the existent signal. The different types of screening techniques are BLS ( board-level shields ) on PCB ‘s, RF and wire mesh gaskets and many more. Electrically Conductive Elastomers are widely used in autos as it shields from both environment and EMI. These can be custom made or cut into any form required for assortment of applications. These provide screening effectivity up to 120db at 10GHz. Nickel-zinc ferrite merchandises are used extensively in signal line and EMI filtering as overseas telegram nucleuss, bit beads, CAN-Bus choking coils and connection home bases. Testing of vehicle to run into EMC criterions: First proving the vehicles electronic unsusceptibility to radiated Fieldss can be tested by puting the vehicle in a big non-resonant chamber of 10m*10m*5m tallness in a RF ( Radio Frequency ) absorber being 1.5m long and expose it to a frequence scope of 1- 10GHz with radiating field strength of up to 60 v/m. The vehicle is being tested without any driver seated. Inside the trial auto really small as possible testing equipments are being placed to avoid any alteration in response of electronic systems caused by proving equipments. The vehicle is monitored to look into whether ECU or any electronic constituent behaviour is altered at high frequence scope with big field strength. In this trial ECU is connected to spectrum analyzer utilizing ocular fibre overseas telegram to happen out the maximal unsusceptibility degree that the ECU can defy. Spectrum analyser is besides used in proving of EMS and many other electronic microcontrollers. The current absorbed by wiring harness during this trial is more due to less distance from the radiating beginning. Sing vehicle placed at a distance of 20m, the current induced on wiring harness is being scaled up utilizing current injection technique to look into the behaviour of the system at higher effectual field strength. Three different places of aerial are used as sender by puting one in forepart of the trial vehicle and other two on sides. As batch of wiring harness is accumulated at sides and borders of the vehicle the field strength will be significantly greater at these corners. Testing at these corners will be done at big strength for approximately 100v/m for worst instance conditions. Testing vehicle is the accurate manner of look intoing the unsusceptibility of vehicle electronics to radiated field. However more convenient manner is to look into each and every constituent of electronics ( EG: on PCB ‘s ) during the design and fabrication phase as provider of these systems does n’t necessitate vehicle to prove each electronic constituents. As most EMI occurs through wiring harness due to built-in yoke. The best method to prove systems unsusceptibility is by BCI ( Bulk Current Injection ) technique. The following testing measure involves mensurating the current absorbed by wiring harness while vehicle is being subjected to radiations of comparatively low field strength of 1v/m. This trial is done at unfastened trial site at a distance of 20m radiating aerial to forestall deformation from close field radiation effects and to subject the vehicle to uniformly distributed field. Different trials for far field strengths are conducted from 1-100v/m over a broad frequence scope utilizing different harnesses and field polarisations. Using BCI as a diagnostic technique in a EMC chamber on a whole vehicle testing degrees at which susceptibleness occurs at each system can be determined. This trial information will be helpful to increase the unsusceptibility of the system by making suited alteration to the needed systems. Assorted standard proving methods such as ISO can be used for both whole vehicle proving and system ( or constituent ) degree proving. Testing method of component degree proving will more frequently extinguish jobs happening at design provinces by doing whole vehicle proving more cost effectual. The major onboard constituents such as CAN Bus web, ECU, EMS, other electronic control systems which control operation of engine will be tested twice on circuit degree and on whole vehicle after its implemented. This would break turn out that system will run into the needed criterions. Thus clip involved in whole vehicle testing will be reduced doing it more immune to rough environments. How to cite Vehicle On Board Electronic System Suffer Interference Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Oppression Analysis Essay Example For Students

Oppression Analysis Essay Evil, sinful, lover of Satan and weak are just a few adjectives to describe women through history. Nevertheless, women were not always portrayed as so. Women once held a strong and dominated figure within the society. In the ancient Egyptian society, women were equal to men in status and prestige. Within the XVIIIth Dynasty, women such as Nephertiti and Hatchipsoot reign the country. â€Å"In that period, Pharaonic women laboured in textile and carpet manufactory, traded in markets and shared in hunting side by side with her husband (El Saadawi. 1980, P. 108-1).† Furthermore, women played sports, drank, held positions of government, worked, etc. However, as time past and countries began to flourish, there was a shift in the socio-economic status in women. Women began reducing in standing. What happened? Nawal El Saadawi, author of The Hidden Face of Eve, strongly believes that circumcision is the cause of women’s oppression and feeling of powerlessness. However, many wi thin the society believe that conditioned oppression is supported due to religion, landowership and the patriarchal system and they are utilized as in instrument of fear, oppression and exploitation. Circumcision is still practiced in many Arab countries because a woman’s virginity and hymen is extremely important. â€Å"Behind circumcision lies the belief that, by removing parts of girls’ external genital organs, sexual desire is minimized (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 33).† This procedure is not performed by a doctor but someone similar to a midwife. It is believe that deep incisions must be done in order to remove all the remains of the genital. Consequently, this may result in infection and even death. Furthermore, â€Å"sexual frigidity is one of the after-effects which is accentuated by other social and psychological factors that influence the personality and mental make-up of females in Arab societies (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 33).†Due to Circumcision, girls are subjected to a series of pain humiliation because of the notion of how virginity is valued. Many girls believed that the genital was a root of all evil. El Saadawi had many patients, bleeding from i nfection but happy to get rid of the source of their desire. For example:â€Å"I did not know anything about the operation at the time, except that itwas very simple, and that it was done to all girls for purposes of cleanlinessand purity and the preservation of a good reputation. It was said that a girlwho did not undergo this operation was liable to be talked about by people,her behavior would become bad, and she would starting running after men,with the result that no one would agree to marry her when the time formarriage came. My grandmother told me that the operation had onlyconsisted in the removal of a very small piece of flesh from between mythighs, and that the continued existence of this small piece of flesh in itsplace would have made me unclean and impure, and would have caused theman whom I would marry to be repelled by me.† â€Å"Did you believe what wassaid to you?† â€Å"Of course I did. I was happy the day I recovered from theeffects of the operation and felt as though I was rid of something which had tobe removed and so had become clean and pure (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 35).†El Saadawi knew from experience what many of these girls are going through because she went through the same experience. She could never forget the painful experience that made her lose her â€Å"childhood once and for all, and that deprived me during my youth and for many years of married life from enjoying the fullness of me sexuality and the completeness of life that can only come from all round psychological equilibrium (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 9).†Nawal El Saadawi believes that religion is used as an instrument in order to justify why the girls in the Arab societies are forced to go through circumcision. Once religion was formulated as a monotheistic one, the three main religions of the world developed Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The world begins with ‘Adam and Eve’ and this story is shared within all three religions. The story of Adam and Eve is the first sign that women are portrayed as less than a man. The Bible takes away a factor that was associated with women, birth. However, â€Å"Eve was born of Adam’s rib (El Saadawi. 1980, P. 102).† In the Judaism religion, arose the notion that â€Å"women was sinful and that sex was sin (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 95). According to El Saadawi (1980) this story â€Å"shows clearly the injustice suffered by women, and the attempt to mask her situation by religious sanctification aimed at smothering all doubt, all discussion and all resistance (p. 102).† In other words, within this male dominated society, women are being circumcised not because it is being enforced by men, but the Bible dictates it to be so. That is what they like everyone to believe, however, who wrote the Bible? Men!As El Saadawi points out (1980), God exalts man in His Bible as one of high intelligence and on if thought, where as a woman is just a body without a head (p. 103). Fir example, in Christianity â€Å"God had created man in his own image, and God was spirit. Woman on the hand was the body, and the body was sex (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 95)† In other words, men is the depiction of God, where as women are just a deviation of men. Women are born without an essential factor, a head and therefore, she is not complete because a head is the center of thought, which distinguishes humans from animal. It is based on this fact that it is believed that women should be circumcised. Since a woman is of the flesh, she must be rid of anything that will give her sexual pleasure. With the Sudan culture, girls are forced to undergo an amputation of her whole external organs. This includes cutting off her â€Å"clitoris, the two outer lips and the two minor inner lips. The wound is repaired. The outer opening of the vagina is the only portion left intact, not however without ensured that, during the process of repairing, some narrowing of the opening is carried out with a few extra stitches (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 9).†El Saadawi believes (1980) that religion is used as a shackle upon the mind of patriarchal society in order to oppress, dictate, dominate and domesticate women (p. 98). Religion has led people to believe that women are the roots of all evil. They are filled with lustful behaviors and they are filled with evil and Satan. In a way, women are seen as disciples of Satan. It is a ma’s job to control them. The male dominated society reinforces the idea that women must be pure, chaste and virginal in order to be worthy of a man. These puritanical values are utilized â€Å"to build on oppression and are still part of the arsenal of heavy weapons which maintains a continuous barrage in the war against revolutionary struggles of women, colored races and the exploited classes living under the semi-feudal or imperialism and neo-colonialism (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 98).† The monotheistic religion, in enunciating the princi ples relating to the role and position of women in life, as we have seen, drew inspiration and guidance from the value of the patriarchal and class societies prevalent at the time. Nawal El Saadawi focuses on the patriarchal system as a major condition for the oppression of women. The shift between man and woman began when men realized the importance of landowership. Man recognized the association between land and having wealth and power. Landownership places them in a higher social, economic and political arena. In acquiring land, man must have someone to cultivate it since it demeans their status within the society to do. The oppression of a slave and women became apparent. â€Å"Wives were a source of wealth since they shouldered many heavy tasks in birth field and home without expecting any payment in return apart from their keep. Their lot was that of unpaid labourers no better off than slaves (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 111).†As much as we want to fault religion for such dehu manizing acts, this is not the case. Yes, religion does devalue women, but it does not state that women should not have any pleasure nor should she be circumcised. These are organs and flash that God has created in women. In a sense, â€Å"religion is most often used as an instrument in the hands of economic and political forces, as an institution utilized by those who rule to keep down those who are ruled (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 4).†Women were seen no better than cattle as they brought and sold as such. Fathers sold their daughters to the highest bidder. In a way, women don’t really care who they are sold off too, sexually they feel nothing. Once these females were sold into marriage, the husband had full control over them. How were women to object to such oppression within a male dominated society? It is quite evident that they could not fight back. The idea that they are the weak, useless, sinful and most incomplete gender has been a constant reminder to them that the y live in a dictatorship of men. From the time that they are young girls, the fact that sex is sinful is drummed into them. â€Å"The child therefore is trained to suppress her own desires to empty herself of authentic, original wants and wishes linked to her own self, and to fill the vacuum that results with the desires of others (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 13).† Furthermore, before she reaches the stage of becoming a woman, she is succumbed with the fact that she will go through the process of circumcision. â€Å"A girl who has lost her personality, her capacity to think independently, and to use her own mind, will do what others have told her and will become a toy in their hands and a victim of their decisions. Religion, therefore, is interwoven with the patriarchal system and landownership. It provided laws and regulation solely upon women that was reinforced by man. Women were obligated to be chaste, virginal, obedient and faithful to their husband. â€Å"The development of private property which reinforces the ‘ passions of acquisitiveness and ownership’ and the development of the patriarchal society, the husband began to demand complete fidelity of his wife (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 117).† This is a long age double standard throughout history. Males coerce these rules upon women, yet they do not have to abide by the same rules. They are set free of these puritan standards because they are the authoritative figure within society and they are â€Å"enslave the sexual code of chastity and sexual rectitude for the females (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 111).† Those women who are believed to be guilty of breaking these codes could be subjected to numerous consequences, such as death and torture. The immediate consequence of circumcision causes the oppression of women that get a sense of powerlessness. They have no power to governor their own lives. They must live under the direct rule the male dominated society. They have no sense of who they are and what they can accomplish because they are brainwashed by the religious and patriarchal figures. They see themselves as the weaker sex filled with great evil, and evil that will always be imbedded within her. She is also seen as incomplete and lacking without her male counterpart. This leaves a long and grave affected on the morale, mental, physical, emotional as well as the spiritually factors of a woman. She is forever seen as an object, a thing no better than an animal. In turn, these ideas are handed down throughout generations, to every female born. It is a never-ending cycle that dehumanizes women into believing that God made them sinful and incomplete. Furthermore, it is made to believe that with the divinity of God, for males who are made in His image, to have total control over them, for their well being. Restaurant management EssayIn many ways, women (mothers and wives) are exploited. They are to carry numerous vital functions, such as to clean, wash, cook, give birth (preferable to male children), nurse, teach and satisfy their husbands’ sexually appetites for which she is not paid. â€Å"She is therefore the lowest paid labourer in existence and therefore man pays her the lowest wage known for any category of human being of burden (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 143).† The long-term effect of this oppression is a sense of powerlessness. Women go on to believe that there is no difference between themselves and cattle. They have neither say in the political, social, economic nor the religious spectrum of society. Women are not given the choice to feel anything sexually. Many of them are fighting for emancipation, which is a right that women established in the United States in the early 1900s. Furthermore, women are trying to break away from tradition; however, they are finding it extremely difficult. How can they succeed, when their society strongly dominated by religion, tradition, and customs and managed by a male dictatorial environment? Men still have the belief that such as break from tradition would only lead to women losing their chastity and honor. According to El Saadawi (1980), as a result of this confined view of women, women only construed 9% of the labor force in 1976 (p. 185). Overall, â€Å"the oppression of women in any society is in its turn an expression of an economic structure built on landownership, systems of inheritance and parenthood, and the patriarchal family as an in built social unit (El Saadawi. 1980, p. 4).†Times are changing and we are in a new millennium. Many would assume that equality within the sexes and races would exist already. However, that is not the case. There is such a great amount of tradition and customs that is quite difficult to break away from. We need more people I m the world that are willing to tak e a stand for what they believe in such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Ghandi, Mother Teresa, etc. BibliographyBibliographyEl Saadawi, Nawal. (1980). The Hidden Face Of Eve; Women in the Arab World. New York; St Martin Press, Inc. Political Issues Essays